Evidence / 63 reviewed records
The source library.
Not a pile of footnotes. A two-way map from claims to original records, with source relationship, geography, study design, evidence type, and caveats attached.
Last reviewed August 23, 2026- 01U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Medical Devices
A periodically updated list of AI-enabled devices authorized for U.S. marketing, with links to regulatory records.
Connected to 1 claimThe FDA maintains a growing list of AI-enabled medical devices authorized for U.S. marketing after applicable premarket review.
View original source ↗ - S015Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Governor Shapiro signs Executive Order on data center development
Governor Shapiro signs Executive Order on data center development
Connected to 1 claimPennsylvania Executive Order 2026-05 applies GRID permitting requirements to certain covered data-center projects above 25 MW.
View original source ↗ - S021Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
GRID implementation materials
GRID implementation materials
Connected to 0 claimsState implementation context for workforce, local benefit, and disclosure requirements.
View original source ↗ - S022Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Governor's remarks on Executive Order 2026-05
Governor's remarks on Executive Order 2026-05
Connected to 1 claimPennsylvania Executive Order 2026-05 applies GRID permitting requirements to certain covered data-center projects above 25 MW.
View original source ↗ - S023OpenAI
OpenAI joins PORTS-Pike project
OpenAI joins PORTS-Pike project
Read with care: Forward-looking sponsor disclosure; engineering intent is not measured performance.
Connected to 4 claimsOpenAI announced an agreement for approximately 8 GW of planned IT capacity at PORTS-Pike.
The developer projects 35,000 construction jobs during a six-year buildout through 2032 and 2,500 long-term operating jobs.
OpenAI and SB Energy describe $80 million in combined community-fund commitments, plus up to $84 million in student technology credits.
View original source ↗ - S025U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management
Portsmouth Site
Portsmouth Site
Connected to 0 claimsDocuments the former gaseous diffusion plant and continuing federal responsibilities.
View original source ↗ - S037Louisiana Public Service Commission
Louisiana Public Service Commission docket portal
Louisiana Public Service Commission docket portal
Connected to 0 claimsAuthoritative location for orders and filings when direct document URLs change.
View original source ↗ - S056Stanford Digital Economy Lab
Canaries in the coal mine: August 2026 summary
Canaries in the coal mine: August 2026 summary
Read with care: Observational payroll-data pattern; not a causal estimate.
Connected to 0 claimsAccessible explanation of age, exposure, hiring, and separation patterns.
View original source ↗ - S057Stanford Digital Economy Lab
Canaries in the Coal Mine: six facts about recent employment effects of AI
Canaries in the Coal Mine: six facts about recent employment effects of AI
Read with care: Not an economy-wide causal estimate and not a 19% job-loss claim.
Connected to 1 claimWorkers ages 22–25 in highly AI-exposed occupations had employment about 19% below a comparison trajectory based on similarly aged workers in less-exposed occupations.
View original source ↗ - S058Stanford Digital Economy Lab
Canaries in the Coal Mine: August 2026 working paper
Canaries in the Coal Mine: August 2026 working paper
Study design: observational payroll-data analysis · Study group stanford-canaries-2026
Read with care: Association does not establish that AI caused the full difference.
Connected to 1 claimWorkers ages 22–25 in highly AI-exposed occupations had employment about 19% below a comparison trajectory based on similarly aged workers in less-exposed occupations.
View original source ↗ - 11U.S. Geological Survey
Colocating artificial intelligence data centers with energy infrastructure on Federal public lands
A synthesis of siting, water, land, environmental, and energy considerations for AI data centers.
Connected to 2 claimsA data center's water impact depends heavily on cooling design, electricity supply, climate, season, and the condition of the local watershed or aquifer.
Estimated direct U.S. data-center water consumption rose from about 21.2 billion liters in 2014 to 66 billion liters in 2023 and is projected at roughly 140–280 billion liters annually in 2028.
View original source ↗ - 12U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Act Resources for Data Centers
Clean Air Act requirements and permitting resources for stationary engines and turbines used at data centers.
Connected to 1 claimData-center backup engines and onsite combustion turbines can create regulated local air emissions and may require Clean Air Act permitting and analysis.
View original source ↗ - S032Meta
Teachers and local businesses win as Meta expands Louisiana data center
Teachers and local businesses win as Meta expands Louisiana data center
Read with care: Contracts, infrastructure, and job figures are company-reported.
Connected to 1 claimMeta's expanded sponsor-described Richland Parish vision is about 5 GW, with more than $1.6 billion in Louisiana business contracts, more than $1 billion in described infrastructure improvements, and more than 1,000 projected operating roles.
View original source ↗ - S030Microsoft
Microsoft completes first Mount Pleasant datacenter facility
Microsoft completes first Mount Pleasant datacenter facility
Connected to 1 claimMicrosoft reported that nearly 10,000 construction workers contributed across about two years and about 550 full-time employees supported the first operating Mount Pleasant facility as of June 2026.
View original source ↗ - S001Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update
United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update
Connected to 1 claimU.S. data-center electricity use is forecast at 649 TWh in the 2030 reference case, with compounded uncertainty of 521–843 TWh (9.5%–15.3% of U.S. electricity).
View original source ↗ - S017Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
Load Forecast Accountability Report
Load Forecast Accountability Report
Read with care: The specific report is reached through the PUC document system; the library retains the agency index as a stable fallback.
Connected to 0 claimsEstablishes expectations for utilities to test whether speculative large-load requests should enter forecasts.
View original source ↗ - S059Stanford Digital Economy Lab
AI Economic Indicators: June 2026 update
AI Economic Indicators: June 2026 update
Connected to 0 claimsBroader labor-market context that prevents one subgroup pattern from becoming an economy-wide claim.
View original source ↗ - S016Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
PUC releases final order establishing large-load model tariff framework
PUC releases final order establishing large-load model tariff framework
Connected to 1 claimPennsylvania's PUC model tariff generally addresses loads above 50 MW individually or 100 MW in aggregate.
View original source ↗ - 19International Energy Agency
Key Questions on Energy and AI
An update tracking 2025 demand growth, efficiency gains, and physical bottlenecks.
Connected to 1 claimGlobal data-center electricity demand grew by an estimated 17% in 2025.
View original source ↗ - S014Pew Research Center
Most new data centers in the U.S. are coming to rural areas
Most new data centers in the U.S. are coming to rural areas
Connected to 1 claimPew estimated that about 67% of planned U.S. data centers were in rural areas, compared with about 13% of operating data centers.
View original source ↗ - 21Virginia State Corporation Commission
SCC Data Center Initiatives — Dominion Energy Virginia
A summary of Virginia's GS-5 rate class and contract, minimum-charge, collateral, and reliability safeguards.
Connected to 2 claimsA data center does not automatically raise every resident's bill, but weak cost-allocation rules can leave other customers carrying infrastructure risk or cost.
Virginia created a separate GS-5 class for qualifying large loads, with a 14-year service obligation and minimum monthly transmission and distribution charges set at 85% of contracted levels.
View original source ↗ - S046Virginia State Corporation Commission
SCC issues order on Dominion Energy Virginia biennial review
SCC issues order on Dominion Energy Virginia biennial review
Connected to 1 claimDominion's GS-5 framework applies to qualifying customers at or above 25 MW and includes minimum requirements around 85% of contracted transmission/distribution demand and 60% of generation demand.
View original source ↗ - S050Nature Medicine
AI-based chest X-ray prioritization in the lung cancer diagnostic pathway
AI-based chest X-ray prioritization in the lung cancer diagnostic pathway
Study design: multicenter randomized controlled trial · Sample 97,731 · Study group lungimpact
Read with care: Tested prioritization within a pathway, not every form of AI image interpretation.
Connected to 1 claimIn LungIMPACT, median time to CT was about 53 days in both arms and time to lung-cancer diagnosis was about 44 versus 46 days, with no statistically meaningful acceleration of the targeted pathway.
View original source ↗ - S049Nature Medicine
AI-supported breast screening in Córdoba (AITIC)
AI-supported breast screening in Córdoba (AITIC)
Study design: prospective paired noninferiority study · Sample 31,301 · Study group aitic-mammography
Read with care: One screening program and one AI-supported workflow; mortality was not the endpoint.
Connected to 2 claimsIn AITIC, cancer detection increased from about 6.3 to 7.3 per 1,000 screenings while radiologist reading workload fell about 63.6%.
In AITIC, recall rates increased from about 4.8% to 5.5%—a tradeoff alongside higher cancer detection.
View original source ↗ - S013Pew Research Center
How Americans view data centers' impact
How Americans view data centers' impact
Read with care: Opinion measures perception and trust, not physical impact.
Connected to 1 claimIn Pew's 2026 survey, 39% said data centers are mostly bad for the environment and 38% said mostly bad for home energy costs, while 4% and 6% respectively said mostly good.
View original source ↗ - 26Georgia Public Service Commission
Data Center Fact Sheet
A regulator's account of Georgia's large-load rules, hearings, generation planning, and ratepayer safeguards.
Connected to 2 claimsA data center does not automatically raise every resident's bill, but weak cost-allocation rules can leave other customers carrying infrastructure risk or cost.
Georgia's large-load rule permits longer contracts and minimum billing for new customers above 100 MW and requires regulator review of covered contracts.
View original source ↗ - S028Ohio Consumers' Counsel
Quick facts: data centers in Ohio
Quick facts: data centers in Ohio
Connected to 0 claimsConsumer-side explanation of large-load cost and risk questions.
View original source ↗ - S040Georgia Power
Data centers and Georgia Power's customer pledge
Data centers and Georgia Power's customer pledge
Connected to 0 claimsUtility commitment that must remain distinct from independently verified rate outcomes.
View original source ↗ - S041Georgia Power
Georgia Power highlights new customer contracts and updated forecasts
Georgia Power highlights new customer contracts and updated forecasts
Connected to 0 claimsCurrent utility characterization of contracted load and planning assumptions.
View original source ↗ - S042Georgia Public Service Commission
Georgia PSC Docket 55378
Georgia PSC Docket 55378
Connected to 0 claimsPublic docket for testing company statements against filings and orders.
View original source ↗ - S043Georgia Public Service Commission
Georgia PSC large-load order
Georgia PSC large-load order
Connected to 1 claimGeorgia Power rules for certain very large loads, generally above 100 MW, can require longer agreements, minimum bills, financial security, and infrastructure charges under regulatory oversight.
View original source ↗ - S047Virginia General Assembly
Virginia data center incentive amendment
Virginia data center incentive amendment
Connected to 0 claimsShows that a wage threshold can be an incentive eligibility condition rather than evidence of actual wages paid.
View original source ↗ - S048Office of the Governor of Virginia
Virginia executive actions on data centers
Virginia executive actions on data centers
Read with care: Executive announcements do not substitute for regulatory orders or project-level evidence.
Connected to 0 claimsTracks current statewide policy and sponsor announcements without merging them into JLARC's independent model.
View original source ↗ - S051OECD
OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026
OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026
Connected to 1 claimStudents can perform better while AI is available yet learn less for later unaided work when assistance gives away answers; guardrails and tutor-like design can change the outcome.
View original source ↗ - S055Stanford SCALE
AI tutoring is not a monolith
AI tutoring is not a monolith
Connected to 0 claimsExplains why answer-giving, hinting, and human-tutor support should not be treated as one intervention.
View original source ↗ - S060Stanford Digital Economy Lab
AI and labor markets: what we know and don't know
AI and labor markets: what we know and don't know
Connected to 0 claimsFrames the limits of current labor evidence and the difference between exposure, adoption, and outcomes.
View original source ↗ - 37Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FERC Directs PJM to Create New Rules for Co-Located Large Loads
A federal action requiring transparent rules for large loads located beside generation in PJM.
Connected to 1 claimA data center does not automatically raise every resident's bill, but weak cost-allocation rules can leave other customers carrying infrastructure risk or cost.
View original source ↗ - S034Meta
Meta Louisiana project update
Meta Louisiana project update
Read with care: Earlier scope and schedule should not be merged with the 2026 expansion.
Connected to 0 claimsIntermediate evidence vintage for a project whose scale changed.
View original source ↗ - S020Blackstone
Blackstone announces Pennsylvania digital and energy infrastructure investment
Blackstone announces Pennsylvania digital and energy infrastructure investment
Read with care: Jobs created or supported are economic-impact figures, not direct payroll headcount.
Connected to 1 claimBlackstone/QTS announced more than $25 billion in investment, more than 6,000 jobs created or supported annually during construction, and more than 3,000 created or supported during operations.
View original source ↗ - S026Public Utilities Commission of Ohio
PUCO approves AEP Ohio data center tariff
PUCO approves AEP Ohio data center tariff
Connected to 1 claimIn AEP Ohio territory, qualifying data-center loads above about 25 MW can face minimum-demand provisions up to roughly 85% of contracted capacity and terms up to 12 years including ramp.
View original source ↗ - S027AEP Ohio
Data center tariff
Data center tariff
Connected to 1 claimIn AEP Ohio territory, qualifying data-center loads above about 25 MW can face minimum-demand provisions up to roughly 85% of contracted capacity and terms up to 12 years including ramp.
View original source ↗ - S029American Electric Power
AEP Ohio large-load tariff background
AEP Ohio large-load tariff background
Connected to 0 claimsSponsor explanation of the tariff rationale and anticipated large-load growth.
View original source ↗ - S018Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Amazon announces at least $20 billion Pennsylvania investment
Amazon announces at least $20 billion Pennsylvania investment
Read with care: Investment and jobs are announced, not independently verified outcomes.
Connected to 1 claimAmazon announced at least $20 billion in planned Pennsylvania investment and at least 1,250 technical jobs associated with supported Luzerne and Bucks County locations.
View original source ↗ - S019Amazon
AWS plans major Pennsylvania data center investment
AWS plans major Pennsylvania data center investment
Read with care: Company commitment; future scope can change.
Connected to 1 claimAmazon announced at least $20 billion in planned Pennsylvania investment and at least 1,250 technical jobs associated with supported Luzerne and Bucks County locations.
View original source ↗ - 45International Labour Organization
Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
A task-level global index estimating occupational exposure to generative AI.
Connected to 1 claimThe ILO estimates that one in four workers worldwide is in an occupation with some generative-AI exposure, while 3.3% of global employment is in its highest exposure category.
View original source ↗ - 46International Energy Agency
Energy and AI
A global model of data-center electricity demand, energy supply, emissions, and uncertainty.
Connected to 1 claimData centers consumed about 415 TWh globally in 2024, around 1.5% of global electricity use.
View original source ↗ - 47Harvard Electricity Law Initiative
Extracting Profits from the Public: How Utility Ratepayers Are Paying for Big Tech's Power
A critical analysis arguing that utility regulation can shift data-center infrastructure risk and cost to other customers.
Connected to 1 claimA data center does not automatically raise every resident's bill, but weak cost-allocation rules can leave other customers carrying infrastructure risk or cost.
View original source ↗ - S038Amazon
AWS plans approximately $11 billion Georgia investment
AWS plans approximately $11 billion Georgia investment
Read with care: No exact project-level power, water, or employment figure is inferred where undisclosed.
Connected to 1 claimAWS announced approximately $11 billion in planned Georgia investment.
View original source ↗ - S012Nature
Lifecycle assessment of advanced data-center cooling systems
Lifecycle assessment of advanced data-center cooling systems
Study design: comparative lifecycle assessment
Read with care: Microsoft-affiliated primary data informed the study; modeled results are not measurements from an arbitrary project.
Connected to 1 claimIn modeled scenarios, advanced cooling reduced greenhouse-gas emissions about 15%–21%, energy demand 15%–20%, and blue-water consumption 31%–52%.
View original source ↗ - S024U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management
PORTS redevelopment documentation
PORTS redevelopment documentation
Connected to 0 claimsProvides the federal cleanup and redevelopment context that predates the current project scope.
View original source ↗ - S035Louisiana Public Service Commission
Non-binding guidelines for potential large-load customers
Non-binding guidelines for potential large-load customers
Connected to 0 claimsMakes the difference between regulatory guidance and binding tariff terms explicit.
View original source ↗ - S036Louisiana Public Service Commission
Entergy Louisiana large-load tariff filing
Entergy Louisiana large-load tariff filing
Read with care: Some commercial terms may be redacted or project-specific.
Connected to 1 claimEntergy Louisiana's relevant structure covers eligible customers with at least 70 MW of firm load and specified contract terms.
View original source ↗ - S044Georgia Power
Georgia PSC approves plan to freeze base rates through 2028
Georgia PSC approves plan to freeze base rates through 2028
Read with care: A base-rate freeze does not prove every bill component is unaffected.
Connected to 0 claimsUseful but sponsor-framed description of a regulatory outcome.
View original source ↗ - S054Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Generative AI can harm learning when it gives away answers
Generative AI can harm learning when it gives away answers
Study design: randomized educational experiment · Study group pnas-ai-guardrails
Read with care: Performance during assistance and later unaided learning are different endpoints.
Connected to 1 claimStudents can perform better while AI is available yet learn less for later unaided work when assistance gives away answers; guardrails and tutor-like design can change the outcome.
View original source ↗ - 55U.S. Department of Energy / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report
A national estimate of historical and projected U.S. data-center electricity use, including a wide scenario range through 2028.
Connected to 3 claimsU.S. data centers used an estimated 176 TWh of electricity in 2023 — about 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.
U.S. data-center electricity use could reach 325–580 TWh in 2028, or roughly 6.7%–12% of U.S. electricity consumption.
Estimated direct U.S. data-center water consumption rose from about 21.2 billion liters in 2014 to 66 billion liters in 2023 and is projected at roughly 140–280 billion liters annually in 2028.
View original source ↗ - S045Virginia Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission
Data Centers in Virginia
Data Centers in Virginia
Connected to 2 claimsJLARC modeled about 74,000 data-center-related jobs annually in Virginia: about 59,000 construction-phase and 15,000 operations-phase jobs, including roughly 35,000 direct construction and 4,400 direct operations jobs.
A representative 250,000-square-foot facility may involve about 1,500 workers at construction peak and about 50 full-time workers in ongoing operations.
View original source ↗ - S033Louisiana Economic Development
Richland Parish data center project announcement
Richland Parish data center project announcement
Read with care: Public economic-development announcement is not an audit of project outcomes.
Connected to 0 claimsInitial state record for project scope, incentives, and projected employment.
View original source ↗ - S031Microsoft
Microsoft Wisconsin investment announcement
Microsoft Wisconsin investment announcement
Read with care: Earlier project scope; later operational updates supersede some forward-looking details.
Connected to 0 claimsPreserves the original project vintage rather than overwriting it with later disclosures.
View original source ↗ - S039Georgia Public Service Commission
Georgia Power large-load contract rules
Georgia Power large-load contract rules
Connected to 1 claimGeorgia Power rules for certain very large loads, generally above 100 MW, can require longer agreements, minimum bills, financial security, and infrastructure charges under regulatory oversight.
View original source ↗ - S052Stanford National Student Support Accelerator
Tutor CoPilot: a human-AI approach for scaling real-time expertise
Tutor CoPilot: a human-AI approach for scaling real-time expertise
Study design: field experiment · Sample 1,000 · Study group tutor-copilot
Read with care: This page and S053 describe the same underlying study and are not independent replications.
Connected to 1 claimStudents whose human tutors had AI assistance were about four percentage points more likely to master a topic; gains reached about nine percentage points with lower-rated tutors.
View original source ↗ - S053Stanford SCALE
Tutor CoPilot publication
Tutor CoPilot publication
Study design: field experiment · Sample 1,000 · Study group tutor-copilot
Read with care: Same underlying study as S052.
Connected to 1 claimStudents whose human tutors had AI assistance were about four percentage points more likely to master a topic; gains reached about nine percentage points with lower-rated tutors.
View original source ↗ - 62Nature
Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
The primary paper describing AlphaFold's performance in the blind CASP14 protein-structure assessment.
Connected to 1 claimIn the blind CASP14 assessment, AlphaFold predicted protein structures with accuracy competitive with experimental structures in a majority of evaluated cases.
View original source ↗ - 63U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Use Terminology
Federal definitions for withdrawal, consumption, recirculation, and cooling systems.
Connected to 1 claimWater withdrawal and water consumption are different measures.
View original source ↗