Evidence / Research release 01
The source library.
Not a pile of footnotes. A map from every important claim back to the record that supports—or complicates—it.
Last reviewed August 23, 2026- 01U.S. Department of Energy / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report
A national estimate of historical and projected U.S. data-center electricity use, including a wide scenario range through 2028.
Supports 2 claimsThis is the principal federal estimate behind the site's U.S. electricity-demand range.
View original source ↗ - 02International Energy Agency
Energy and AI
A global model of data-center electricity demand, energy supply, emissions, and uncertainty.
Supports 1 claimIt distinguishes global observed demand from forward-looking scenarios and explains the likely generation mix.
View original source ↗ - 03International Energy Agency
Key Questions on Energy and AI
An update tracking 2025 demand growth, efficiency gains, and physical bottlenecks.
Supports 1 claimIt updates the 2025 IEA outlook with an observed year of additional evidence.
View original source ↗ - 04U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Use Terminology
Federal definitions for withdrawal, consumption, recirculation, and cooling systems.
Supports 1 claimPublic discussion often treats water withdrawn and water consumed as the same thing; they are not.
View original source ↗ - 05U.S. Geological Survey
Colocating artificial intelligence data centers with energy infrastructure on Federal public lands
A synthesis of siting, water, land, environmental, and energy considerations for AI data centers.
Supports 1 claimIt emphasizes that water outcomes vary with cooling technology, energy supply, climate, and local water availability.
View original source ↗ - 06Harvard Electricity Law Initiative
Extracting Profits from the Public: How Utility Ratepayers Are Paying for Big Tech's Power
A critical analysis arguing that utility regulation can shift data-center infrastructure risk and cost to other customers.
Supports 1 claimIt presents one of the strongest documented arguments for stricter cost allocation and transparency.
View original source ↗ - 07Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FERC Directs PJM to Create New Rules for Co-Located Large Loads
A federal action requiring transparent rules for large loads located beside generation in PJM.
Supports 1 claimIt shows that who pays and how reliability is protected are active regulatory questions, not settled slogans.
View original source ↗ - 08Georgia Public Service Commission
Data Center Fact Sheet
A regulator's account of Georgia's large-load rules, hearings, generation planning, and ratepayer safeguards.
Supports 2 claimsIt provides a concrete example of minimum bills, longer contracts, and contract review for very large customers.
View original source ↗ - 09Virginia State Corporation Commission
SCC Data Center Initiatives — Dominion Energy Virginia
A summary of Virginia's GS-5 rate class and contract, minimum-charge, collateral, and reliability safeguards.
Supports 2 claimsIt is a current example of a regulator separating large data-center customers into a distinct rate class.
View original source ↗ - 10International Labour Organization
Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
A task-level global index estimating occupational exposure to generative AI.
Supports 1 claimIt measures exposure rather than claiming that exposed jobs will disappear.
View original source ↗ - 11U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Medical Devices
A periodically updated list of AI-enabled devices authorized for U.S. marketing, with links to regulatory records.
Supports 1 claimIt grounds the medicine story in products that have passed an applicable regulatory review, while warning that the list is not comprehensive.
View original source ↗ - 12Nature
Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
The primary paper describing AlphaFold's performance in the blind CASP14 protein-structure assessment.
Supports 1 claimIt is a concrete scientific capability, not a forecast or a company announcement.
View original source ↗ - 13U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Act Resources for Data Centers
Clean Air Act requirements and permitting resources for stationary engines and turbines used at data centers.
Supports 1 claimIt makes clear that backup and onsite combustion are local air-quality questions that require permitting and analysis.
View original source ↗